01 - Preheat oven to 375°F. Lightly grease a 9x13-inch baking dish and set aside.
02 - Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Cook pasta 2 minutes less than package instructions. Drain and set aside.
03 - Heat olive oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Add onions and cook for 3 minutes until translucent. Stir in garlic and cook for 1 additional minute.
04 - Add ground beef to the skillet and cook, breaking up with a spoon, until no longer pink, about 5–6 minutes.
05 - Add chopped cabbage to the skillet and sauté until softened, 5–7 minutes.
06 - Stir in crushed tomatoes, tomato sauce, tomato paste, oregano, basil, smoked paprika, and sugar if using. Simmer for 10 minutes. Season generously with salt and pepper.
07 - In a large mixing bowl, gently combine cooked pasta, beef-cabbage mixture, and half of the mozzarella cheese.
08 - Transfer mixture to the prepared baking dish. Sprinkle evenly with remaining mozzarella and all of the Parmesan cheese.
09 - Cover with foil and bake for 20 minutes. Remove foil and bake an additional 10 minutes, or until the cheese is melted and golden.
10 - Allow the casserole to rest for 5 minutes before serving.