01 - Heat a large nonstick skillet over medium-high heat. Add the ground beef and cook, breaking it apart with a wooden spoon, until evenly browned throughout, about 5–7 minutes. Drain any excess fat if needed.
02 - Add the diced onion, bell pepper, mushrooms (if using), and minced garlic to the skillet. Sauté until the vegetables are softened and fragrant, about 5 minutes.
03 - Stir in the Worcestershire sauce, ketchup, Dijon mustard, smoked paprika, kosher salt, black pepper, and chili flakes. Mix thoroughly to coat the beef and vegetables evenly.
04 - Pour in the beef broth, bring to a gentle simmer, and cook for 5–7 minutes until the mixture thickens slightly and the flavors meld together.
05 - Reduce the heat to low. Sprinkle the shredded provolone cheese evenly over the beef mixture. Cover the pan and let the cheese melt, about 2 minutes.
06 - Stir the cheesy mixture together until well-combined, creamy, and fully incorporated throughout the filling.
07 - Spoon generous portions of the cheesy beef filling onto the toasted buns. Garnish with chopped parsley or sliced jalapeños if desired. Serve immediately while hot.